systemd是Linux操作系统的框架和服务管理器。在作为引导的第一个进程(如PID 1)继续运行时,它将作为init系统运行。可以提高和保持用户空间服务。本文介绍-“学习Linux上的现代服务管理系统(Systemd)”
要获取有关systemd的更多信息,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemd -h
样本输出应如下所示–
Starts up and maintains the system or user services.
-h --help Show this help
--test Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit
--no-pager Do not pipe output into a pager
--dump-configuration-items Dump understood unit configuration items
--unit=UNIT Set default unit
--system Run a system instance, even if PID != 1
--user Run a user instance
--dump-core[=BOOL] Dump core on crash
--crash-vt=NR Change to specified VT on crash
--crash-reboot[=BOOL] Reboot on crash
--crash-shell[=BOOL] Run shell on crash
.......................................................................................
要获取有关systemd的版本信息,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemd --version
样本输出应如下所示–
systemd 229
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP
+GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN
要确定启动顺序,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemd --test
样本输出应如下所示–
State Change Timestamp: Mon 2017-01-30 11:15:37 IST
Inactive Exit Timestamp: Mon 2017-01-30 11:15:37 IST
Active Enter Timestamp: Mon 2017-01-30 11:15:37 IST
Active Exit Timestamp: n/a
Inactive Enter Timestamp: n/a
GC Check Good: yes
Need Daemon Reload: no
Transient: no
Slice: n/a
CGroup: n/a
CGroup realized: no
CGroup mask: 0x0
CGroup members mask: 0x0
Name: sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS26.device
Following Set Member: dev-ttyS26.device
Job Timeout: 1min 30s
..............................................................................
要获取转储并了解单元配置项,请使用以下命令–
$ systemd --dump-configuration-items
样本输出应如下所示–
[Scope] Slice=SLICE CPUAccounting=BOOLEAN CPUShares=SHARES StartupCPUShares=SHARES CPUQuota=OTHER MemoryAccounting=BOOLEAN MemoryLimit=LIMIT DeviceAllow=DEVICE DevicePolicy=POLICY BlockIOAccounting=BOOLEAN BlockIOWeight=WEIGHT StartupBlockIOWeight=WEIGHT BlockIODeviceWeight=DEVICEWEIGHT BlockIOReadBandwidth=BANDWIDTH .....................................................................................
要分析系统引导过程,请使用以下命令–
$ systemd-analyze
样本输出应如下所示–
Startup finished in 8.740s (firmware) + 4.483s (loader) + 3.616s (kernel) + 4min 21.244s (userspace) = 4min 38.084s
要获取列表启动过程及其时间,请使用以下命令,如下所示:
$ systemd-analyze blame
样本输出应如下所示–
3min 59.399s apt-daily.service
16.585s NetworkManager-wait-online.service
11.182s grub-common.service
9.532s apport.service
9.224s irqbalance.service
8.986s networking.service
8.916s snapd.refresh.service
8.859s speech-dispatcher.service
7.709s dev-sda2.device
7.641s gpu-manager.service
7.641s rsyslog.service
7.078s avahi-daemon.service
6.178s lightdm.service
..............................................................................
要显示控制组内容,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemd-cgls
样本输出应如下所示–
Control group /:
-.slice
├─init.scope
│ └─1 /lib/systemd/systemd --system --deserialize 19
├─system.slice
│ ├─avahi-daemon.service
│ │ ├─733 avahi-daemon: running [linux-Inspiron-3542.local
│ │ └─806 avahi-daemon: chroot helpe
│ ├─thermald.service
│ │ └─845 /usr/sbin/thermald --no-daemon --dbus-enable
│ ├─dbus.service
│ │ ├─ 759 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activ
│ │ └─2637 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/fwupd/fwupd
│ ├─ModemManager.service
│ │ └─871 /usr/sbin/ModemManager
│ ├─cron.service
│ │ └─850 /usr/sbin/cron -f
│ ├─apache2.service
│ │ ├─ 4441 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
要按资源使用量显示最高控制组,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$sudo systemd-cgtop
样本输出应如下所示–
Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s
/ - 20.0 6.3G - -
/init.scope 1 - - - -
/system.slice 125 - - - -
/user.slice 695 - - - -
/user.slice/user-1000.slice 654 - - - -
/user.slice/user-126.slice 41 - - - -
Systemctl可用于自省和管理“ systemd”系统和服务管理器的状态。
要获取有关systemctl的更多信息,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl --help
样本输出应如下所示–
Query or send control commands to the systemd manager.
-h --help Show this help
--version Show package version
--system Connect to system manager
--user Connect to user service manager
-H --host=[USER@]HOST
Operate on remote host
-M --machine=CONTAINER
Operate on local container
-t --type=TYPE List units of a particular type
--state=STATE List units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state
-p --property=NAME Show only properties by this name
-a --all Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty
ones. To list all units installed on the system, use
the 'list-unit-files' command instead.
-l --full Don't ellipsize unit names on output
...........................................................................
要获取systemctl的版本,请使用以下命令–
$ systemctl --version
样本输出应如下所示–
systemd 229
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP
+GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN
要获取所有正在运行的服务的列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Formats F
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2deDP\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:03.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged Haswell-ULT HD
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card1.device loaded active plugged 8 Series HD Aud
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.2-0000:06:00.0-net-wlp6s0.device loaded active plugged QCA
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.3-0000:07:00.0-net-enp7s0.device loaded active plugged RTL
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.6-1\x2d1.6:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device lo
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda3.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded act
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded act
sys-devices-platform-dell\x2dlaptop-leds-dell::kbd_backlight.device loaded active plugged /s
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS10.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS11.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS12.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS13.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
要使用systemctl启动服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl start application.service
使用systemctl启动服务的示例示例如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl start bluetooth.service
要获取bluetooth.service的状态,如下所示–
$ systemctl status bluetooth
样本输出应如下所示–
bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Fri 2017-01-27 09:32:45 IST; 3 days ago
Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
Main PID: 954 (bluetoothd)
Status: "Running"
CGroup: /system.slice/bluetooth.service
└─954 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: gatt-time-server: Input/output error (5)
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: Not enough free handles to register service
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: Not enough free handles to register service
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: Sap driver initialization failed.
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: sap-server: Operation not permitted (1)
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.68 path=/Med
Jan 30 10:10:22 linux-Inspiron-3542 bluetoothd[954]: Endpoint registered: sender=:1.68 path=/Med
Jan 30 11:20:54 linux-Inspiron-3542 systemd[1]: Started Bluetooth service.
Jan 30 11:21:07 linux-Inspiron-3542 systemd[1]: Started Bluetooth service.
Jan 30 11:41:00 linux-Inspiron-3542 systemd[1]: Started Bluetooth service.
要停止服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl stop bluetooth.service
要验证上述命令,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl status bluetooth
样本输出应如下所示–
bluetooth.service - Bluetooth service
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Mon 2017-01-30 11:45:35 IST; 4s ago
Docs: man:bluetoothd(8)
Main PID: 954 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Status: "Quitting"
..................................................................................
要重新启动服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl restart bluetooth.service
要使服务能够在启动时启动,请使用以下命令,如下所示:
$ sudo systemctl enable bluetooth.service
要禁用在启动时启动的服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl disable bluetooth.service
要验证是否启用了服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl is-enabled bluetooth.service; echo $?
样本输出应如下所示–
enabled
0
要屏蔽服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl mask bluetooth.service
要取消屏蔽服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl unmask bluetooth.service
要终止服务,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl kill bluetooth.service
要获取服务的配置详细信息,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl show bluetooth
样本输出应如下所示–
Restart=no NotifyAccess=none RestartUSec=100ms TimeoutStartUSec=1min 30s TimeoutStopUSec=1min 30s RuntimeMaxUSec=infinity WatchdogUSec=0 WatchdogTimestampMonotonic=0 ............................................................
要分析服务的关键链,请使用以下命令,如下所示:
$ sudo systemd-analyze critical-chain bluetooth.service
样本输出应如下所示–
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
bluetooth.service +886ms
要获取依赖项列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl list-dependencies bluetooth.service
要获取特定类型的列表单位,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
systemctl -t mount
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
-.mount loaded active mounted /
boot-efi.mount loaded active mounted /boot/efi
dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System
dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount loaded active mounted Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste
run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs
run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000
run-user-126.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/126
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System
sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System
....................................................................
要显示所有已加载的单位/属性,包括空/空,请使用以下命令,如下所示:
$ systemctl -a
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Forma
● org.freedesktop.network1.busname not-found inactive dead org.freedesktop.network1.busnam
dev-cdrom.device loaded active plugged HL-DT-ST_DVD+_-RW_GU90N
dev-cdrw.device loaded active plugged HL-DT-ST_DVD+_-RW_GU90N
dev-disk-by\x2did-ata\x2dHL\x2dDT\x2dST_DVD\x2b_\x2dRW_GU90N_M7FE9H30316.device loaded acti
dev-disk-by\x2did-ata\x2dTOSHIBA_MQ01ABD100_X4P6SQD0S.device loaded active plugged TOSH
dev-disk-by\x2did-ata\x2dTOSHIBA_MQ01ABD100_X4P6SQD0S\x2dpart1.device loaded active plugg
dev-disk-by\x2did-ata\x2dTOSHIBA_MQ01ABD100_X4P6SQD0S\x2dpart2.device loaded active plugg
dev-disk-by\x2did-ata\x2dTOSHIBA_MQ01ABD100_X4P6SQD0S\x2dpart3.device loaded active plugg
dev-disk-by\x2did-wwn\x2d0x50000395d5887d4c.device loaded active plugged TOSHIBA_MQ01AB
dev-disk-by\x2did-wwn\x2d0x50000395d5887d4c\x2dpart1.device loaded active plugged TOSHI
dev-disk-by\x2did-wwn\x2d0x50000395d5887d4c\x2dpart2.device loaded active plugged TOSHI
dev-disk-by\x2did-wwn\x2d0x50000395d5887d4c\x2dpart3.device loaded active plugged TOSHI
dev-disk-by\x2did-wwn\x2d0x5001480000000000.device loaded active plugged HL-DT-ST_DV
..............................................................................................
要获取单位文件列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl list-unit-files
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT FILE STATE
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
acpid.path enabled
cups.path enabled
systemd-ask-password-console.path static
systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path static
systemd-ask-password-wall.path static
systemd-networkd-resolvconf-update.path static
accounts-daemon.service enabled
acpid.service disabled
alsa-restore.service static
alsa-state.service static
alsa-utils.service masked
anacron-resume.service enabled
anacron.service enabled
.................................................
要获取指定单位文件的列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl list-unit-files --type=moun
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT FILE STATE
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
6 unit files listed.
......................................................
要显示主机和本地容器的单元列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl -r
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Formats F
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2deDP\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:03.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged Haswell-ULT HD
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card1.device loaded active plugged 8 Series HD Aud
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.2-0000:06:00.0-net-wlp6s0.device loaded active plugged QCA
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.3-0000:07:00.0-net-enp7s0.device loaded active plugged RTL
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.6-1\x2d1.6:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device lo
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda3.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded act
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded act
sys-devices-platform-dell\x2dlaptop-leds-dell::kbd_backlight.device loaded active plugged
............................................................................................
要指定如何处理已排队的作业,请在排队新作业时使用以下命令,如下所示:
$ systemctl --job-mode=active
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Formats F
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2deDP\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:03.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged Haswell-ULT HD
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card1.device loaded active plugged 8 Series HD Aud
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.2-0000:06:00.0-net-wlp6s0.device loaded active plugged QCA
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.3-0000:07:00.0-net-enp7s0.device loaded active plugged RTL
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.6-1\x2d1.6:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device lo
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda3.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded act
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded act
sys-devices-platform-dell\x2dlaptop-leds-dell::kbd_backlight.device loaded active plugged /s
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS10.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS11.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS12.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS13.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS14.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/plat
..............................................................................................
要获取所有套接字类型,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl --show-types
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Formats F
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2deDP\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:03.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged Haswell-ULT HD
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card1.device loaded active plugged 8 Series HD Aud
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.2-0000:06:00.0-net-wlp6s0.device loaded active plugged QCA
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.3-0000:07:00.0-net-enp7s0.device loaded active plugged RTL
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.6-1\x2d1.6:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device lo
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda3.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded act
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded act
sys-devices-platform-dell\x2dlaptop-leds-dell::kbd_backlight.device loaded active plugged /s
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platf
........................................................................................
关闭或睡眠时要忽略抑制物。使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ systemctl -i
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable File Formats F
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:02.0-drm-card0-card0\x2deDP\x2d1-intel_backlight.device loaded
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:03.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged Haswell-ULT HD
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1b.0-sound-card1.device loaded active plugged 8 Series HD Aud
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.2-0000:06:00.0-net-wlp6s0.device loaded active plugged QCA
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1c.3-0000:07:00.0-net-enp7s0.device loaded active plugged RTL
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1d.0-usb1-1\x2d1-1\x2d1.6-1\x2d1.6:1.0-bluetooth-hci0.device lo
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda-sda3.device loade
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata1-host0-target0:0:0-0:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded act
sys-devices-pci0000:00-0000:00:1f.2-ata2-host1-target1:0:0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded act
sys-devices-platform-dell\x2dlaptop-leds-dell::kbd_backlight.device loaded active plugged /s
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS10.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS11.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS12.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platfor
sys-devices-platform-serial8250-tty-ttyS13.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/plat
............................................................................................
要获取套接字信息列表,请使用以下命令,如下所示
$sudo systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket
样本输出应如下所示–
UNIT FILE STATE
acpid.socket enabled
apport-forward.socket enabled
avahi-daemon.socket enabled
cups.socket enabled
dbus.socket static
saned.socket disabled
snapd.socket enabled
syslog.socket static
systemd-bus-proxyd.socket static
systemd-fsckd.socket static
systemd-initctl.socket static
........................................................................
要启用套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl start saned.socket
在上面的命令中,saned.socket是单位文件。
要停止套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl stop saned.socket
要重新启动套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl restart saned.socket
要重新加载套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl reload saned.socket
要启用套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl enable saned.socket
要禁用套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl disable saned.socket
要屏蔽套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl mask saned.socket
要取消屏蔽该套接字,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl unmask saned.socket
要获取套接字的状态,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl status saned.socket
样本输出应如下所示–
saned.socket - saned incoming socket
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/saned.socket; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (listening) since Mon 2017-01-30 12:30:05 IST; 2min 59s ago
Listen: [::]:6566 (Stream)
Accepted: 0; Connected: 0
Jan 30 12:30:05 linux-Inspiron-3542 systemd[1]: Listening on saned incoming socket.
要重新引导系统,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$sudo systemctl reboot
要挂起系统,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$sudo systemctl suspend
要使系统休眠,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$sudo systemctl hibernate
要关闭系统,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$ sudo systemctl poweroff
要关闭系统,请使用以下命令,如下所示–
$sudo systemctl halt
在本文中,我们了解了–学习Linux上的现代服务管理系统(Systemd),我们将提供更多基于Linux的技巧和窍门。继续阅读!